1st May 2026, 07:40 PM
The Ordinary Glycolic Acid 7% Exfoliating Toner, Brightening and Smoothing Daily Toner for More Even-Looking Skin Tone
Price may vary by location, shipping cost, and availability.
0% Off
$13.50
$13.50
Highest: $43.99
Average: $15.87
Lowest: $6.87
Price History Graph
Offer Price Prices
Lowest: -
Average: -
Highest: -
Price History Information
You can check the price history of The Ordinary Glycolic Acid 7% Exfoliating Toner, Brightening and Smoothing Daily Toner for More Even-Looking Skin Tone here. This product's current Price in USA is $13.50. The average and highest prices are $15.87 and $43.99 respectively.
| Lowest Ever Price | $6.87 |
|---|---|
| 3rd Jan 2023 | |
| Average Price | $15.87 |
| Based on 3227 days price tracking | |
| Highest Price | $43.99 |
| 17th Jan 2018 | |
Price History of All Variants of The Ordinary Glycolic Acid 7 Exfoliating Toner...
Current Price in USA
| Price | $13.50 |
|---|---|
| MRP | $13.50 |
| Savings | $0.00 |
| Discount | 0% |
Recent Price Drops on The Ordinary Glycolic Acid 7% Exfoliating Toner, Brightening and Smoothing Daily Toner for More Even-Looking Skin Tone
Price Drop 2nd Apr 2026
$13.50 → $10.39
23.04% drop
Price Drop 12th Mar 2026
$13.50 → $11.47
15.04% drop
Price Drop 16th Sep 2025
$13.00 → $11.05
15% drop
Price Drop 22nd Mar 2025
$13.00 → $11.05
15% drop
Price Drop 1st Dec 2024
$18.00 → $13.00
27.78% drop
Price Drop 27th Nov 2024
$18.99 → $13.00
31.54% drop
Price Drop 19th Nov 2024
$18.99 → $13.00
31.54% drop
Price Drop 17th Nov 2024
$19.98 → $13.00
34.93% drop
Price Drop 14th Nov 2024
$22.99 → $13.00
43.45% drop
Price Drop 12th Nov 2024
$22.98 → $13.00
43.43% drop
Price Drop 2nd Nov 2024
$18.00 → $13.00
27.78% drop
Price Drop 10th Oct 2024
$22.99 → $13.00
43.45% drop
Price Drop 3rd Oct 2024
$22.99 → $13.00
43.45% drop
Price Drop 2nd Oct 2024
$22.99 → $13.00
43.45% drop
Price Drop 16th Sep 2024
$16.99 → $13.00
23.48% drop
Price Drop 14th Sep 2024
$23.00 → $16.99
26.13% drop
Price Drop 28th Aug 2024
$23.48 → $13.00
44.63% drop
Price Drop 15th Aug 2024
$19.72 → $13.00
34.08% drop
Price Drop 14th Aug 2024
$18.90 → $13.00
31.22% drop
Price Drop 19th Jul 2024
$15.90 → $13.00
18.24% drop
Price Drop 16th Jul 2024
$16.35 → $13.00
20.49% drop
Price Drop 12th Jul 2024
$18.00 → $16.35
9.17% drop
Price Drop 9th Jul 2024
$15.69 → $13.00
17.14% drop
Price Drop 15th Jun 2024
$18.00 → $13.00
27.78% drop
Price Drop 15th Jun 2024
$13.00 → $10.00
23.08% drop
Price Drop 18th May 2024
$14.00 → $13.00
7.14% drop
Price Drop 14th May 2024
$14.00 → $13.00
7.14% drop
Price Drop 1st May 2024
$16.35 → $14.00
14.37% drop
Price Drop 1st May 2024
$14.00 → $13.00
7.14% drop
Price Drop 25th Apr 2024
$14.00 → $13.00
7.14% drop
Price Drop 24th Apr 2024
$16.35 → $14.00
14.37% drop
Price Drop 16th Apr 2024
$16.35 → $14.00
14.37% drop
Price Drop 16th Apr 2024
$14.00 → $13.00
7.14% drop
Price Drop 12th Apr 2024
$16.35 → $14.00
14.37% drop
Price Drop 10th Apr 2024
$16.35 → $14.00
14.37% drop
Price Drop 4th Apr 2024
$14.00 → $13.00
7.14% drop
Price Drop 2nd Apr 2024
$15.50 → $14.00
9.68% drop
Price Drop 14th Mar 2024
$15.69 → $13.00
17.14% drop
Price Drop 6th Mar 2024
$15.69 → $13.00
17.14% drop
Price Drop 3rd Mar 2024
$15.95 → $13.00
18.5% drop
Price Drop 28th Feb 2024
$14.19 → $13.00
8.39% drop
Price Drop 19th Feb 2024
$13.88 → $13.00
6.34% drop
Price Drop 14th Feb 2024
$14.20 → $13.00
8.45% drop
Price Drop 9th Feb 2024
$14.79 → $13.00
12.1% drop
Price Drop 4th Feb 2024
$14.97 → $13.00
13.16% drop
Price Drop 1st Feb 2024
$14.00 → $13.00
7.14% drop
Price Drop 27th Jan 2024
$15.70 → $13.00
17.2% drop
Price Drop 22nd Jan 2024
$15.75 → $13.00
17.46% drop
Price Drop 9th Jan 2024
$15.96 → $13.00
18.55% drop
Price Drop 5th Jan 2024
$16.08 → $14.00
12.94% drop
Price Drop 5th Jan 2024
$14.00 → $13.00
7.14% drop
Price Drop 29th Dec 2023
$16.13 → $13.00
19.4% drop
Price Drop 26th Dec 2023
$16.17 → $13.00
19.6% drop
Price Drop 18th Dec 2023
$14.00 → $13.00
7.14% drop
Price Drop 16th Dec 2023
$15.47 → $13.00
15.97% drop
Price Drop 9th Dec 2023
$16.19 → $13.00
19.7% drop
Price Drop 5th Dec 2023
$16.22 → $13.00
19.85% drop
Price Drop 27th Nov 2023
$16.29 → $13.00
20.2% drop
Price Drop 21st Nov 2023
$16.32 → $13.00
20.34% drop
Price Drop 19th Nov 2023
$16.36 → $13.00
20.54% drop
Price Drop 15th Nov 2023
$16.37 → $8.70
46.85% drop
Price Drop 10th Nov 2023
$16.47 → $8.70
47.18% drop
Price Drop 24th Oct 2023
$16.65 → $13.00
21.92% drop
Price Drop 12th Oct 2023
$16.65 → $13.00
21.92% drop
Price Drop 13th Sep 2023
$15.99 → $13.00
18.7% drop
Price Drop 31st Aug 2023
$15.99 → $13.00
18.7% drop
Price Drop 14th Aug 2023
$14.99 → $13.00
13.28% drop
Price Drop 13th Aug 2023
$15.99 → $14.99
6.25% drop
Price Drop 9th Aug 2023
$16.95 → $15.99
5.66% drop
Price Drop 3rd Aug 2023
$17.14 → $15.98
6.77% drop
Price Drop 29th Jul 2023
$17.12 → $13.00
24.07% drop
Price Drop 26th Jul 2023
$16.89 → $13.00
23.03% drop
Price Drop 6th Jul 2023
$15.99 → $13.00
18.7% drop
Price Drop 4th Jul 2023
$16.79 → $13.00
22.57% drop
Price Drop 30th Jun 2023
$15.73 → $14.00
11% drop
Price Drop 13th Jun 2023
$15.74 → $13.00
17.41% drop
Price Drop 30th May 2023
$14.00 → $13.00
7.14% drop
Price Drop 28th Apr 2023
$16.50 → $13.00
21.21% drop
Price Drop 27th Apr 2023
$18.95 → $16.50
12.93% drop
Price Drop 25th Apr 2023
$19.39 → $16.50
14.9% drop
Price Drop 17th Apr 2023
$18.99 → $15.11
20.43% drop
Price Drop 11th Apr 2023
$19.00 → $15.11
20.47% drop
Price Drop 8th Apr 2023
$19.20 → $15.11
21.3% drop
Price Drop 6th Apr 2023
$18.99 → $17.95
5.48% drop
Price Drop 31st Mar 2023
$17.95 → $13.00
27.58% drop
Price Drop 27th Mar 2023
$17.95 → $13.00
27.58% drop
Price Drop 12th Mar 2023
$13.99 → $13.00
7.08% drop
Price Drop 11th Mar 2023
$17.99 → $13.99
22.23% drop
Price Drop 26th Feb 2023
$18.29 → $13.00
28.92% drop
Price Drop 19th Feb 2023
$18.90 → $13.00
31.22% drop
Price Drop 13th Feb 2023
$18.90 → $13.00
31.22% drop
Price Drop 8th Feb 2023
$18.95 → $13.00
31.4% drop
Price Drop 29th Jan 2023
$17.90 → $13.00
27.37% drop
Price Drop 25th Jan 2023
$17.98 → $13.00
27.7% drop
Price Drop 11th Jan 2023
$16.40 → $13.00
20.73% drop
Price Drop 8th Jan 2023
$15.12 → $10.00
33.86% drop
Price Drop 2nd Jan 2023
$16.47 → $6.87
58.29% drop
Price Drop 25th Dec 2022
$16.23 → $10.00
38.39% drop
Price Drop 3rd Dec 2022
$14.99 → $10.00
33.29% drop
Price Drop 19th Nov 2022
$15.17 → $10.00
34.08% drop
Price Drop 15th Nov 2022
$15.19 → $10.00
34.17% drop
Price Drop 4th Nov 2022
$15.34 → $10.00
34.81% drop
Price Drop 30th Oct 2022
$15.35 → $10.00
34.85% drop
Price Drop 22nd Oct 2022
$15.35 → $10.00
34.85% drop
Price Drop 14th Oct 2022
$15.35 → $10.00
34.85% drop
Price Drop 27th Sep 2022
$15.00 → $10.00
33.33% drop
Price Drop 15th Sep 2022
$14.20 → $10.00
29.58% drop
Price Drop 29th Aug 2022
$14.60 → $10.00
31.51% drop
Price Drop 23rd Aug 2022
$14.99 → $13.00
13.28% drop
Price Drop 20th Aug 2022
$14.99 → $10.00
33.29% drop
Price Drop 5th Aug 2022
$14.02 → $10.00
28.67% drop
Price Drop 9th Jul 2022
$15.18 → $10.00
34.12% drop
Price Drop 21st Jun 2022
$15.00 → $10.00
33.33% drop
Price Drop 19th Jun 2022
$14.89 → $10.00
32.84% drop
Price Drop 31st May 2022
$14.00 → $10.00
28.57% drop
Price Drop 21st May 2022
$14.00 → $10.00
28.57% drop
Price Drop 18th May 2022
$14.00 → $10.00
28.57% drop
Price Drop 16th May 2022
$14.00 → $10.00
28.57% drop
Price Drop 13th May 2022
$15.00 → $14.19
5.4% drop
Price Drop 4th May 2022
$15.00 → $14.19
5.4% drop
Price Drop 30th Apr 2022
$14.20 → $10.00
29.58% drop
Price Drop 26th Apr 2022
$15.87 → $10.00
36.99% drop
Price Drop 15th Apr 2022
$14.00 → $10.00
28.57% drop
Price Drop 10th Apr 2022
$14.98 → $10.00
33.24% drop
Price Drop 2nd Apr 2022
$15.98 → $15.00
6.13% drop
Price Drop 26th Mar 2022
$15.96 → $15.00
6.02% drop
Price Drop 14th Mar 2022
$15.69 → $10.00
36.27% drop
Price Drop 17th Feb 2022
$14.99 → $10.00
33.29% drop
Price Drop 23rd Jan 2022
$15.00 → $8.70
42% drop
Price Drop 14th Dec 2021
$15.45 → $12.28
20.52% drop
Price Drop 12th Dec 2021
$15.47 → $8.70
43.76% drop
Price Drop 3rd Dec 2021
$15.24 → $12.00
21.26% drop
Price Drop 28th Nov 2021
$15.24 → $12.00
21.26% drop
Price Drop 24th Nov 2021
$15.38 → $12.28
20.16% drop
Price Drop 21st Nov 2021
$15.35 → $8.70
43.32% drop
Price Drop 10th Nov 2021
$12.20 → $8.70
28.69% drop
Price Drop 8th Nov 2021
$15.45 → $12.20
21.04% drop
Price Drop 27th Oct 2021
$15.23 → $8.70
42.88% drop
Price Drop 26th Oct 2021
$15.45 → $14.29
7.51% drop
Price Drop 18th Oct 2021
$14.49 → $12.28
15.25% drop
Price Drop 10th Oct 2021
$14.78 → $12.28
16.91% drop
Price Drop 3rd Oct 2021
$15.45 → $8.70
43.69% drop
Price Drop 26th Sep 2021
$15.45 → $12.30
20.39% drop
Price Drop 21st Sep 2021
$12.29 → $8.70
29.21% drop
Price Drop 7th Sep 2021
$15.45 → $12.00
22.33% drop
Price Drop 30th Aug 2021
$14.20 → $12.29
13.45% drop
Price Drop 10th Aug 2021
$14.20 → $12.25
13.73% drop
Price Drop 6th Aug 2021
$14.20 → $12.00
15.49% drop
Price Drop 3rd Jul 2021
$13.48 → $12.30
8.75% drop
Price Drop 22nd May 2021
$14.79 → $13.30
10.07% drop
Price Drop 13th May 2021
$14.20 → $9.65
32.04% drop
Price Drop 25th Apr 2021
$15.00 → $13.30
11.33% drop
Price Drop 16th Jan 2021
$15.00 → $13.00
13.33% drop
Price Drop 5th Sep 2020
$15.00 → $12.80
14.67% drop
Price Drop 18th Aug 2020
$17.95 → $15.00
16.43% drop
Price Drop 14th Aug 2020
$14.50 → $12.76
12% drop
Price Drop 11th Aug 2020
$15.89 → $14.60
8.12% drop
Price Drop 7th Aug 2020
$16.00 → $15.00
6.25% drop
Price Drop 4th Aug 2020
$21.18 → $15.00
29.18% drop
Price Drop 2nd Aug 2020
$21.70 → $16.00
26.27% drop
Price Drop 29th Jul 2020
$18.00 → $17.00
5.56% drop
Price Drop 28th Jul 2020
$20.00 → $18.00
10% drop
Price Drop 25th Jul 2020
$19.20 → $18.00
6.25% drop
Price Drop 23rd Jul 2020
$18.00 → $17.00
5.56% drop
Price Drop 22nd Jul 2020
$21.00 → $15.98
23.9% drop
Price Drop 19th Jul 2020
$23.80 → $21.00
11.76% drop
Price Drop 10th Jul 2020
$22.85 → $20.95
8.32% drop
Price Drop 6th Jul 2020
$26.50 → $22.08
16.68% drop
Price Drop 2nd Jul 2020
$29.65 → $21.99
25.83% drop
Price Drop 29th Jun 2020
$30.95 → $21.99
28.95% drop
Price Drop 25th Jun 2020
$29.90 → $21.99
26.45% drop
Price Drop 24th Jun 2020
$29.95 → $27.99
6.54% drop
Price Drop 22nd Jun 2020
$29.93 → $21.99
26.53% drop
Price Drop 7th Jun 2020
$22.50 → $18.99
15.6% drop
Price Drop 2nd Jun 2020
$20.97 → $16.69
20.41% drop
Price Drop 25th May 2020
$20.97 → $16.17
22.89% drop
Price Drop 15th May 2020
$22.89 → $21.70
5.2% drop
Price Drop 8th May 2020
$21.90 → $18.99
13.29% drop
Price Drop 4th May 2020
$23.99 → $16.99
29.18% drop
Price Drop 28th Apr 2020
$24.10 → $19.99
17.05% drop
Price Drop 27th Apr 2020
$25.89 → $24.10
6.91% drop
Price Drop 23rd Apr 2020
$22.55 → $17.98
20.27% drop
Price Drop 20th Apr 2020
$25.00 → $19.78
20.88% drop
Price Drop 19th Apr 2020
$21.99 → $19.35
12.01% drop
Price Drop 14th Apr 2020
$18.50 → $15.75
14.86% drop
Price Drop 6th Apr 2020
$19.49 → $15.00
23.04% drop
Price Drop 1st Apr 2020
$19.00 → $17.90
5.79% drop
Price Drop 1st Apr 2020
$17.90 → $14.00
21.79% drop
Price Drop 29th Mar 2020
$16.49 → $15.00
9.04% drop
Price Drop 28th Mar 2020
$18.14 → $16.49
9.1% drop
Price Drop 9th Mar 2020
$16.70 → $12.70
23.95% drop
Price Drop 24th Feb 2020
$16.78 → $13.70
18.36% drop
Price Drop 9th Feb 2020
$16.99 → $13.70
19.36% drop
Price Drop 5th Feb 2020
$18.84 → $16.99
9.82% drop
Price Drop 3rd Feb 2020
$19.00 → $17.98
5.37% drop
Price Drop 28th Jan 2020
$19.69 → $17.98
8.68% drop
Price Drop 25th Jan 2020
$20.98 → $13.70
34.7% drop
Price Drop 21st Jan 2020
$28.88 → $16.09
44.29% drop
Price Drop 16th Jan 2020
$20.99 → $16.75
20.2% drop
Price Drop 13th Jan 2020
$19.90 → $16.20
18.59% drop
Price Drop 8th Jan 2020
$16.98 → $15.59
8.19% drop
Price Drop 4th Jan 2020
$28.50 → $15.90
44.21% drop
Price Drop 5th Dec 2019
$13.99 → $10.00
28.52% drop
Price Drop 30th Nov 2019
$14.98 → $13.99
6.61% drop
Price Drop 23rd Sep 2019
$13.70 → $11.99
12.48% drop
Price Drop 23rd Sep 2019
$11.99 → $10.99
8.34% drop
Price Drop 15th Sep 2019
$15.79 → $13.70
13.24% drop
Price Drop 5th Sep 2019
$14.93 → $13.70
8.24% drop
Price Drop 26th Aug 2019
$15.90 → $11.99
24.59% drop
Price Drop 26th Jul 2019
$16.70 → $15.08
9.7% drop
Price Drop 12th Jul 2019
$16.99 → $15.81
6.95% drop
Price Drop 17th Jun 2019
$18.70 → $17.00
9.09% drop
Price Drop 4th Jun 2019
$16.03 → $14.47
9.73% drop
Price Drop 3rd Jun 2019
$17.05 → $16.03
5.98% drop
Price Drop 16th Apr 2019
$13.75 → $10.54
23.35% drop
Price Drop 19th Mar 2019
$11.24 → $10.50
6.58% drop
Price Drop 7th Mar 2019
$13.75 → $11.24
18.25% drop
Price Drop 25th Feb 2019
$17.00 → $13.75
19.12% drop
Price Drop 14th Feb 2019
$16.34 → $13.91
14.87% drop
Price Drop 26th Jan 2019
$16.98 → $16.00
5.77% drop
Price Drop 14th Jan 2019
$16.49 → $13.70
16.92% drop
Price Drop 8th Jan 2019
$14.99 → $13.70
8.61% drop
Price Drop 3rd Jan 2019
$14.99 → $13.70
8.61% drop
Price Drop 28th Dec 2018
$15.49 → $14.49
6.46% drop
Price Drop 22nd Dec 2018
$17.50 → $13.70
21.71% drop
Price Drop 21st Dec 2018
$19.48 → $17.50
10.16% drop
Price Drop 17th Dec 2018
$18.49 → $14.96
19.09% drop
Price Drop 15th Dec 2018
$18.42 → $17.49
5.05% drop
Price Drop 12th Dec 2018
$17.95 → $14.48
19.33% drop
Price Drop 8th Dec 2018
$14.49 → $13.70
5.45% drop
Price Drop 3rd Dec 2018
$14.48 → $7.99
44.82% drop
Price Drop 30th Nov 2018
$14.49 → $13.70
5.45% drop
Price Drop 10th Nov 2018
$15.89 → $13.70
13.78% drop
Price Drop 22nd Oct 2018
$19.48 → $15.49
20.48% drop
Price Drop 14th Oct 2018
$16.99 → $15.00
11.71% drop
Price Drop 8th Oct 2018
$16.99 → $15.70
7.59% drop
Price Drop 6th Oct 2018
$17.25 → $15.70
8.99% drop
Price Drop 27th Sep 2018
$17.99 → $7.98
55.64% drop
Price Drop 24th Sep 2018
$23.51 → $15.70
33.22% drop
Price Drop 22nd Sep 2018
$23.51 → $19.99
14.97% drop
Price Drop 25th Jul 2018
$18.96 → $15.76
16.88% drop
Price Drop 23rd Jul 2018
$19.28 → $15.76
18.26% drop
Price Drop 15th Jul 2018
$19.97 → $15.76
21.08% drop
Price Drop 30th May 2018
$16.99 → $15.98
5.94% drop
Price Drop 13th May 2018
$16.84 → $15.94
5.34% drop
Price Drop 20th Apr 2018
$17.00 → $15.98
6% drop
Price Drop 17th Apr 2018
$22.99 → $17.00
26.05% drop
Price Drop 9th Apr 2018
$35.99 → $22.99
36.12% drop
Price Drop 5th Apr 2018
$39.99 → $35.99
10% drop
Price Drop 1st Apr 2018
$39.99 → $19.99
50.01% drop
Price Drop 30th Mar 2018
$37.53 → $24.99
33.41% drop
Price Drop 27th Mar 2018
$37.53 → $24.99
33.41% drop
Price Drop 26th Mar 2018
$43.99 → $37.53
14.69% drop
Price Drop 14th Mar 2018
$18.95 → $18.00
5.01% drop
Price Drop 9th Mar 2018
$16.90 → $15.90
5.92% drop
Price Drop 7th Mar 2018
$18.95 → $16.90
10.82% drop
Price Drop 28th Feb 2018
$19.95 → $18.95
5.01% drop
Price Drop 26th Feb 2018
$22.00 → $19.95
9.32% drop
Price Drop 18th Feb 2018
$22.00 → $19.95
9.32% drop
Price Drop 31st Jan 2018
$25.95 → $22.00
15.22% drop
Price Drop 22nd Jan 2018
$43.99 → $20.47
53.47% drop
Price Drop 10th Jan 2018
$27.00 → $22.00
18.52% drop
Price Drop 8th Jan 2018
$39.99 → $27.00
32.48% drop
Price Drop 2nd Jan 2018
$39.99 → $24.95
37.61% drop
Price Drop 13th Dec 2017
$27.95 → $22.95
17.89% drop
Price Drop 10th Dec 2017
$39.99 → $27.95
30.11% drop
Price Drop 8th Dec 2017
$39.99 → $27.95
30.11% drop
Price Drop 27th Nov 2017
$27.00 → $22.95
15% drop
Price Drop 15th Nov 2017
$22.26 → $19.95
10.38% drop
Price Drop 8th Nov 2017
$34.90 → $22.26
36.22% drop
Price Drop 1st Nov 2017
$34.99 → $24.95
28.69% drop
Price Drop 27th Oct 2017
$36.99 → $34.99
5.41% drop
Price Drop 22nd Sep 2017
$39.99 → $14.90
62.74% drop
Price Drop 15th Aug 2017
$15.99 → $14.99
6.25% drop
Price Drop 14th Aug 2017
$29.99 → $15.99
46.68% drop
Price Drop 2nd Aug 2017
$21.25 → $13.99
34.16% drop
Price Drop 27th Jul 2017
$24.99 → $21.25
14.97% drop
Price Drop 19th Jul 2017
$24.99 → $13.99
44.02% drop
Product Information
Details
| Product Name | The Ordinary Glycolic Acid 7% Exfoliating Toner, Brightening and Smoothing Daily Toner for More Even-Looking Skin Tone |
|---|---|
| Store Product Code | B071914GGL |
| Store Name | amazon.com |
| Rating | 9.4 / 10 |
| Category | Facial Peels |
Features
- EXFOLIATING TONER: Smoothes skin texture, visibly evens tone, and enhances luminosity with daily use.
- POWERED BY 7% GLYCOLIC ACID: Promotes more even looking skin tone, reduces the appearance of lines, and wrinkles, and boosts radiance.
- MULTI-FUNCTIONAL FORMULA: Can also be applied to the scalp to hydrate and rebalance dry scalp skin.
- WITH PLANT-DERIVEDBASED EXTRACTS: Contains Tasmanian Pepperberry a known anti-irritatant, along with aloe and ginseng.
- IDEAL FOR EVENING USE: Apply once daily, preferably in the evening, avoiding contact with sensitive areas like the eyes.
Images
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Rating and Reviews
9.4 Based on 50114 reviews
The Ordinary Glycolic Acid 7 Exfoliating Toner has 9.4 rating out of 10. This average rating is consist of 50114 individual ratings. You can rate this product at product review page.
* Predictions is created on based of past prices and trends, it does not guarantee that it will happen. These are just prediction for theoretical information only.